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1. Create Class & Object2. Instance vs Class Variables3. Constructors in Python Classes4. Single Inheritance5. Multiple Inheritance6. Multilevel Inheritance7. Polymorphism with Methods8. Method Overloading Simulation9. Encapsulation with Getters/Setters10. Abstraction with ABC11. Operator Overloading12. Custom Iterator13. Class Methods14. Static Methods15. Composition Example16. Aggregation Example17. Private Variables18. Magic Methods Overview19. Object Cloning20. Custom Exceptions21. Class Decorator22. Prototype Pattern23. Singleton Pattern24. MRO (Method Resolution Order) Demo25. Polymorphism (Duck Typing)

Abstraction with ABC in Python

Use the abc module to define abstract base classes and abstract methods.

IntermediateObject-Oriented ProgramsExample 10 of 25
abstraction-with-abc.py
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1# Program to demonstrate abstraction with ABC
2

3from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
4

5class Shape(ABC):
6    @abstractmethod
7    def area(self):
8        pass
9

10class Circle(Shape):
11    def __init__(self, radius):
12        self.radius = radius
13

14    def area(self):
15        return 3.14 * self.radius * self.radius
16

17c = Circle(5)
18print("Area:", c.area())

Output

Area: 78.5

What's going on

Shape defines an abstract method 'area'; Circle provides a concrete implementation, enforcing a common interface.

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